washing DK machine (1908)
fisher minimizes DK the physical work of the household washday
washing clothes DK accustomed is work of drudgery dubbed ” the American DK housekeeper’s hardest problem.” but the matter has been largely solved DK by modern technology–in the form of the washer.
throughout history, DK various devices—from the washboard to the mangle—have been invented to
wash clothes more DK effectively and with less effort, but “these still required toil by the user,
In 1858, DK Hamilton-Smith Patented a rotary washer. Cylindrical, with ‘agitated water” and
revolving paddles, it DK absolutely was the primary step toward modern
machines. Others DK followed from other manufacturers,
some combining the DK machine with the mangle. These
early machines were DK still hand-cranked, but it absolutely was not
long before motorized DK versions became available
either with fuel-burning or DK electric motors.
It wasn’t until the DK first 1900s, however, that th
Hurley Company DK first produced the “Thor.” Designer
by Alva DK Fisher (1862-1947), it absolutely was the primary electric-
driven washer to DK be Mass-marketed, and
Contained a DK completely unique sell reversing gearbox that stopped
the clothes from DK becoming compacted during the
washing process. it DK absolutely was slow to catch on, partly
Because the electrical DK motor was unprotected and
Spilled water could DK Cause it to fail, and partly because
any household rich DK enough to possess electricity at the
time was also likely DK to own servants, therefore
ih Negating the necessity DK for such a machine. As electricity
became more DK widespread, however, the washing
Machine followed DK suit and is now an indispensable
Of the DK household arsenal. SB
Haber Process (1908)
Haber makes ammonia DK readily available
The Haber process DK (sometimes called the Haber – bosch process) was invented by the German chemist
in 1908—may be the DK most
the logical advance of new
vat time, the most DK way of obtaining RICE
: ammonia was DK from naturally occurring
ex Ammonia was an_ incredibly ee
St substance, with DK uses starting from cleaning to fertilizer
and explosives,DK But saltpeter might be difficult to
harvest, with deposits DK occurring on the walls of caves,
~ and making it DK required the large-scale decomposition
‘of piles of animal dung.
within the first DK decade of the 20th century,
increasing global DK agriculture was putting an oversized strain
On the supplies of DK ammonia, and there have been fears that
the supply wouldn’t be ready to carry on with the
Demand. What Haber DK created as a way of making
ammonia that may DK make it a plentiful resource. He
@xtracted hydrogen DK gas from methane and made it
chemically react DK with nitrogen from the atmosphere.
To try this he needed a DK Catalyst—a substance that
Promotes certain DK chemical
&xperiments he DK found that
Catalyst and, by mixing the n
er, high. within the DK presence of iron, he could
Hs (ammonia) in DK large quantities. ,
Pitt Y€ars after DK Haber’s breakthrough Ger
St pa Bosch (1874-1940) was Bac
Alize me PROCESS in 1910, while working ss
an any BASF—and DK suddenly Ger
Useful SUPDlies of ammonia.
Tractor (1904)
When engines were DK invented in the early nineteenth
century, they were DK quickly adapted for use in
farming—at first just to DK drive farm Machinery, using
the engine to move other DK equipment, but not itself
When steam-traction engines were introduced in
1868, they were used DK only on the roads to haul timber
and other heavy loads DK around. Gradually, however,
they came to be used in the fields, dragging plows
behind them. One of DK the biggest obstacles facing the
traction engines were DK their wheels. On soft soil, thin
wheels just sank, so the DK wheels were fitted with wide
metal tires to spread out DK the weight. These wheels
lacked grip and got people DK looking for other ways to
spread the weight. In 1904, Benjamin Holt (1849-1920)
tested the first tractor DK with tracks instead of wheels
and went on to form DK a company that became
Caterpillar. In 1932 the metal tires were replaced with
rubber ones,DK increasing grip, and decreasing weight.
Engine-wise, the DK Charter Gasoline Engine
The company created a gasoline-fueled engine in 1887
that they adapted DK to drive a traction engine. In 1892,
American inventor DK John Froelich built his own version
in lowa and his DK design became the first successful
gasoline tractor—and father to many others. Froelich’s
success made other DK companies follow suit. Hart-Parr,
founded at Madison,DK Wisconsin, in 1897 before
moving to DK Iowa in 1905, became known as the
“Founders of the DK Tractor Industry” because
the factory was DK the first to be used continually and
exclusively to make DK tractors. In 1906, their sales
manager DK decided “traction engine” was too long and
vague a description and shortened it to “tractor.” DK
Derailleur Gears (1905)
Paul de Vivie (1853-1930) did DK not buy his first bicycle
until he was twenty-eight, but his passion for cycling
would eventually take DK over his life, and led to the
the invention of a new DK system of variable speed cycles.
De Vivie’s first bike DK was an “ordinary” high-wheel,
or penny-farthing as it’s more commonly known. The
pedals of this bike DK were attached directly to the
wheels so that DK one turn of the pedals equaled one
turn of the wheel. De Vivie sought a way to improve
this ratio to make DK cycling more energy-efficient. In
1887, he set up DK a cycle shop in the mountainous
region of Saint-Etienne, France DK, and launched a
magazine, Le Cycliste, in which he wrote passionately
about cycling, under DK the pen-name “Velocio.”
Clifford L. Graves, writer
De Vivie’s first DK attempt at creating gears for a
bicycle involved two concentric chain wheels with the chain that had DK to be lifted manually from one to the
other. In 1905, he DK tested a two-speed derailleur gear,
but the cycling world DK was reluctant to buy into the
idea, dismissing it DK as an easy way out. To win over the
skeptics, de Vivie DK organized a mountain race between
a male cyclist on a DK single-speed bike and a female
cyclist on a three-speed DK derailleur bike. Much to his
delight, the woman won.
